1 00:00:17,280 --> 00:00:20,200 Over 66 million years ago... 2 00:00:22,680 --> 00:00:24,520 SCREECHING WAIL 3 00:00:24,520 --> 00:00:26,800 ..our world... 4 00:00:24,520 --> 00:00:26,800 HIGH-PITCHED CLUCKS 5 00:00:26,800 --> 00:00:29,960 ..was ruled... 6 00:00:26,800 --> 00:00:29,960 DEEP SNORT 7 00:00:29,960 --> 00:00:31,880 ..by dinosaurs... 8 00:00:32,920 --> 00:00:34,960 DEEP BELLOW 9 00:00:36,040 --> 00:00:38,080 HISSES 10 00:00:39,200 --> 00:00:43,040 ..the largest animals that have ever walked the Earth. 11 00:00:50,040 --> 00:00:54,360 Today, dinosaur experts across the globe 12 00:00:54,360 --> 00:00:57,520 are uncovering the bones they left behind... 13 00:01:00,920 --> 00:01:05,320 ..allowing us to imagine how these extraordinary creatures 14 00:01:05,320 --> 00:01:06,960 may have lived... 15 00:01:10,680 --> 00:01:13,240 ..so that we can tell their stories... 16 00:01:17,600 --> 00:01:19,040 ..and they... 17 00:01:20,440 --> 00:01:22,200 ..can walk again. 18 00:01:51,160 --> 00:01:53,200 Eastern Montana. 19 00:01:56,080 --> 00:01:59,280 A vast untamed wilderness... 20 00:02:03,720 --> 00:02:06,760 ..with extraordinary stories to tell. 21 00:02:15,440 --> 00:02:18,360 This is dinosaur country. 22 00:02:26,080 --> 00:02:30,480 Here, a team from the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences 23 00:02:30,480 --> 00:02:34,280 is excavating an iconic species, 24 00:02:34,280 --> 00:02:36,240 a triceratops. 25 00:02:37,160 --> 00:02:38,920 Oh, sweet. 26 00:02:39,960 --> 00:02:43,000 But this is no ancient giant. 27 00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:46,520 But it's really small, a very young individual. 28 00:02:48,080 --> 00:02:51,560 Got a nice baby drake. 29 00:02:51,560 --> 00:02:53,200 A phenomenal find. 30 00:02:54,240 --> 00:02:56,800 The team calls her Clover. 31 00:03:02,040 --> 00:03:04,160 Studying her bones, 32 00:03:04,160 --> 00:03:06,720 we can begin to imagine her world... 33 00:03:10,440 --> 00:03:15,120 ..and tell her story for the first time. 34 00:03:39,680 --> 00:03:42,080 At the end of the Cretaceous, 35 00:03:42,080 --> 00:03:45,880 North America is a vast expanse of green. 36 00:03:53,680 --> 00:03:55,880 Where Montana is today, 37 00:03:55,880 --> 00:04:00,240 there is a lush landscape of sprawling subtropical forests... 38 00:04:01,680 --> 00:04:04,200 ..crisscrossed by waterways. 39 00:04:07,080 --> 00:04:09,440 This is Laramidia... 40 00:04:12,160 --> 00:04:15,360 ..home to prehistoric giants... 41 00:04:15,360 --> 00:04:17,560 THUDDING FOOTSTEPS 42 00:04:19,200 --> 00:04:20,880 ..and the occasional... 43 00:04:22,400 --> 00:04:24,080 ..not so giant. 44 00:04:29,040 --> 00:04:30,680 TRILLING CALL 45 00:04:30,680 --> 00:04:33,520 Meet Clover, the triceratops. 46 00:04:38,880 --> 00:04:41,320 Barely half a metre tall, 47 00:04:41,320 --> 00:04:43,280 she's the size of a large dog. 48 00:04:55,400 --> 00:04:57,880 PANTS 49 00:05:07,840 --> 00:05:11,960 Despite her size, Clover roams the jungle alone. 50 00:05:21,520 --> 00:05:25,880 These strange white objects mean one thing. 51 00:05:28,400 --> 00:05:29,760 Playtime. 52 00:05:29,760 --> 00:05:32,200 SNUFFLES 53 00:05:40,520 --> 00:05:44,240 But curiosity can be a dangerous thing... 54 00:05:45,920 --> 00:05:47,640 CROAKING CALL 55 00:05:47,640 --> 00:05:50,040 ..when you're living in a land of monsters. 56 00:06:10,840 --> 00:06:13,040 Clover is rare. 57 00:06:15,760 --> 00:06:18,800 The vast majority of triceratops fossils discovered 58 00:06:18,800 --> 00:06:20,400 are from adults. 59 00:06:23,640 --> 00:06:26,720 Clover's remains are a chance to uncover the story 60 00:06:26,720 --> 00:06:28,600 of a youngster... 61 00:06:32,400 --> 00:06:35,560 ..a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for team leader 62 00:06:35,560 --> 00:06:37,120 Eric Lund. 63 00:06:39,200 --> 00:06:42,080 - Check out these teeth. - Oh, wow. 64 00:06:42,080 --> 00:06:46,000 Clover's tiny jawbone has been painstakingly reconstructed 65 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:48,720 by fossil restorer Nikki Simon. 66 00:06:48,720 --> 00:06:50,400 Isn't she gorgeous? 67 00:06:50,400 --> 00:06:53,520 She is gorgeous. It's beautiful. 68 00:06:53,520 --> 00:06:57,120 Don't often find upper jaws this complete, 69 00:06:57,120 --> 00:07:00,880 let alone with all the teeth in 'em. 70 00:07:00,880 --> 00:07:02,680 No wear on them. 71 00:07:02,680 --> 00:07:06,400 The teeth's edges, for slicing through plant material, 72 00:07:06,400 --> 00:07:08,600 are still razor sharp. 73 00:07:08,600 --> 00:07:10,720 - Check 'em out. - Sure. 74 00:07:12,920 --> 00:07:14,520 Oh, yeah. 75 00:07:16,680 --> 00:07:18,960 These have barely been used. 76 00:07:20,200 --> 00:07:23,480 They almost look carnivorous. 77 00:07:23,480 --> 00:07:27,280 The teeth are a clue to Clover's young age. 78 00:07:27,280 --> 00:07:31,520 Look at how small this upper arm bone is. 79 00:07:31,520 --> 00:07:33,600 Yeah. Let's see 80 00:07:33,600 --> 00:07:35,960 By measuring Clover's arm bone... 81 00:07:35,960 --> 00:07:40,040 - A little over a foot. - 34cm. 82 00:07:40,040 --> 00:07:43,280 ..they can more accurately estimate how old she was. 83 00:07:43,280 --> 00:07:46,600 She must only have been about three years old. 84 00:07:46,600 --> 00:07:49,000 Which means she was just a baby. 85 00:07:55,840 --> 00:07:59,320 A baby...buried all alone. 86 00:08:01,240 --> 00:08:02,680 Seems to be by herself. 87 00:08:02,680 --> 00:08:05,480 Haven't found any adult bones in this quarry. 88 00:08:05,480 --> 00:08:08,240 Without the herd, without her mother, 89 00:08:08,240 --> 00:08:09,840 very vulnerable. 90 00:08:14,040 --> 00:08:17,040 We'll never know why Clover was alone. 91 00:08:19,760 --> 00:08:23,520 What we do know is that in the Late Cretaceous... 92 00:08:25,160 --> 00:08:29,600 ..young, solitary dinosaurs don't last long. 93 00:08:34,640 --> 00:08:36,720 WINGS FLAP 94 00:08:46,280 --> 00:08:48,320 SQUAWKS 95 00:08:49,360 --> 00:08:51,400 HISSES 96 00:08:55,560 --> 00:08:57,520 An infernodrakon... 97 00:08:59,280 --> 00:09:02,720 ..a giant pterosaur, common at the end of the Cretaceous. 98 00:09:04,560 --> 00:09:08,720 With a five-metre wingspan, it tries to intimidate Clover. 99 00:09:12,760 --> 00:09:14,480 INFERNODRAKON HISSES 100 00:09:14,480 --> 00:09:17,600 And then there's the razor-sharp beak. 101 00:09:21,400 --> 00:09:23,800 But Clover is nimble. 102 00:09:40,000 --> 00:09:43,800 And this mother just wants her egg back. 103 00:09:59,640 --> 00:10:03,120 This time, the little triceratops was lucky. 104 00:10:08,000 --> 00:10:12,680 But danger lurks everywhere... 105 00:10:12,680 --> 00:10:15,680 BELLOWING ROAR 106 00:10:15,680 --> 00:10:19,280 ..and it gets much, much bigger. 107 00:10:37,080 --> 00:10:39,160 A mile from Clover's dig site... 108 00:10:40,320 --> 00:10:43,920 ..more fossilised remains are emerging. 109 00:10:43,920 --> 00:10:46,600 HAMMER TAPS 110 00:10:50,240 --> 00:10:52,560 We've got a bone over here that's very thin, 111 00:10:52,560 --> 00:10:54,760 very slender and very long. 112 00:10:56,040 --> 00:10:58,920 This looks like one of the processes 113 00:10:58,920 --> 00:11:02,040 off of the tail vertebrae, and it helps lock the tail 114 00:11:02,040 --> 00:11:05,280 into a much more rigid structure. 115 00:11:06,560 --> 00:11:09,080 These thin bones may once have formed 116 00:11:09,080 --> 00:11:12,720 part of a thick, muscular tail six metres long. 117 00:11:14,480 --> 00:11:17,600 But this was no triceratops. 118 00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:21,080 This is sort of a meat-eating dinosaur feature. 119 00:11:26,280 --> 00:11:30,080 Palaeontologist Ellis Mulready holds the final clue. 120 00:11:32,080 --> 00:11:33,680 It's a little bit beat up. 121 00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:41,200 It's a really thick tooth, designed for crushing bones. 122 00:11:41,200 --> 00:11:44,760 It's got those kind of drawn-together serrations. 123 00:11:44,760 --> 00:11:46,600 You can still feel them. 124 00:11:46,600 --> 00:11:49,040 I would love to meet the creature that had this tooth, 125 00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:50,320 but it'd be a bit scary! 126 00:11:50,320 --> 00:11:52,360 Yeah. 127 00:11:50,320 --> 00:11:52,360 THEY LAUGH 128 00:11:58,200 --> 00:12:03,240 It's a tooth that can only belong to one animal. 129 00:12:03,240 --> 00:12:05,280 LOW, RUMBLING GROWL 130 00:12:07,640 --> 00:12:10,320 SLOW FOOTSTEPS 131 00:12:16,000 --> 00:12:19,080 LOW GROWL 132 00:12:20,360 --> 00:12:22,480 Standing four metres tall... 133 00:12:24,080 --> 00:12:26,880 ..and weighing in at eight tonnes... 134 00:12:33,040 --> 00:12:35,320 ..Tyrannosaurus rex. 135 00:12:46,880 --> 00:12:49,560 With 1.5-metre-long jaws, 136 00:12:49,560 --> 00:12:54,320 the Earth's most infamous predator could swallow Clover whole. 137 00:12:58,120 --> 00:13:00,160 LOW GROWL 138 00:13:00,160 --> 00:13:03,840 Fortunately, the hunter's focus is elsewhere. 139 00:13:11,160 --> 00:13:14,760 Padded feet act like shock absorbers, 140 00:13:14,760 --> 00:13:16,880 keeping its approach quiet. 141 00:13:34,800 --> 00:13:37,560 For T-rex, a light snack. 142 00:13:37,560 --> 00:13:40,400 GROWLS 143 00:13:41,640 --> 00:13:43,800 PANTS 144 00:13:49,160 --> 00:13:53,080 For Clover, a terrifying first encounter. 145 00:13:58,160 --> 00:14:00,160 And it won't be her last. 146 00:14:05,440 --> 00:14:08,880 Up to 20,000 T-rex roam Laramidia. 147 00:14:12,320 --> 00:14:15,360 To survive, Clover needs protection... 148 00:14:17,200 --> 00:14:19,080 ..and fast. 149 00:14:22,280 --> 00:14:24,280 - You ready? - Ready. 150 00:14:25,840 --> 00:14:27,640 In the search for more clues, 151 00:14:27,640 --> 00:14:31,080 Eric and evolutionary ecologist John Kanipe 152 00:14:31,080 --> 00:14:33,960 are heading deeper into the wilderness. 153 00:14:36,840 --> 00:14:38,720 So, you asked me about snakes earlier. 154 00:14:38,720 --> 00:14:40,120 Oh, yeah. 155 00:14:40,120 --> 00:14:42,600 There's just a baby rattler in the bottom there. 156 00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:49,080 They want to understand who was sharing the forest with Clover. 157 00:14:50,320 --> 00:14:52,600 All right. I'm ready when you are. 158 00:15:01,240 --> 00:15:03,840 It's obvious from the evidence on the ground... 159 00:15:03,840 --> 00:15:06,120 Got a bit of bone here coming out. 160 00:15:06,120 --> 00:15:09,760 ..that Clover's world was teeming with other dinosaurs. 161 00:15:09,760 --> 00:15:11,480 Some bigger pieces. 162 00:15:11,480 --> 00:15:13,320 Pretty busted up. 163 00:15:13,320 --> 00:15:15,480 That's got a bit more surface. 164 00:15:16,880 --> 00:15:22,000 One familiar species is turning up more than any other. 165 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:26,240 Most of them belong to triceratops. 166 00:15:26,240 --> 00:15:29,800 Triceratops once dominated this area. 167 00:15:31,560 --> 00:15:34,480 They've been sitting on the surface a really long time. 168 00:15:35,640 --> 00:15:37,440 They're pretty weathered. 169 00:15:55,080 --> 00:15:59,600 One fossil shows why triceratops were so successful. 170 00:16:01,480 --> 00:16:03,800 It's like a big brow horn. 171 00:16:10,920 --> 00:16:13,920 Oh, man! It's a bit busted up. 172 00:16:13,920 --> 00:16:16,040 You can still see where all the blood vessels would be, 173 00:16:16,040 --> 00:16:18,480 - even on the horn. - Yeah. 174 00:16:18,480 --> 00:16:22,480 In life, this horn would have been over a metre long, 175 00:16:22,480 --> 00:16:27,520 and behind it a protective bony shield almost two metres wide. 176 00:16:28,720 --> 00:16:31,680 Here was a creature seemingly custom built 177 00:16:31,680 --> 00:16:34,360 for fighting off large predators. 178 00:16:34,360 --> 00:16:37,600 Got these big horns on the front of your face, wave them around 179 00:16:37,600 --> 00:16:40,680 and maybe make a T-rex think twice before attacking you. 180 00:16:51,920 --> 00:16:54,720 Triceratops' formidable defences made it 181 00:16:54,720 --> 00:16:58,360 one of the most successful dinosaur species of its day... 182 00:17:00,880 --> 00:17:03,280 ..meaning an adult triceratops 183 00:17:03,280 --> 00:17:06,120 would be the perfect protector for Clover. 184 00:17:06,120 --> 00:17:09,120 LOW GRUNTS 185 00:17:18,760 --> 00:17:21,280 CLOVER YELPS 186 00:17:24,840 --> 00:17:28,320 This old bull will do nicely. 187 00:17:36,400 --> 00:17:38,400 CLOVER CALLS SOFTLY 188 00:17:48,760 --> 00:17:51,400 LOW GRUNTS 189 00:18:08,400 --> 00:18:10,440 But there's a problem. 190 00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:17,560 Who needs a troublesome youngster following you around? 191 00:18:25,560 --> 00:18:27,800 CALLS SOFTLY 192 00:18:27,800 --> 00:18:30,000 GRUNTS LOUDLY 193 00:18:31,800 --> 00:18:33,840 TRILLING CALL 194 00:18:35,040 --> 00:18:36,880 As another day ends... 195 00:18:38,600 --> 00:18:41,240 ..Clover is still alone... 196 00:18:42,920 --> 00:18:45,560 ..and darkness is setting in. 197 00:18:53,400 --> 00:18:56,280 Eric thinks Clover may have had good reason 198 00:18:56,280 --> 00:18:58,920 to fear the night-time most of all. 199 00:19:07,880 --> 00:19:12,680 Back at base camp, he uses a scan of a T-rex skull 200 00:19:12,680 --> 00:19:15,080 to print a 3D model... 201 00:19:16,400 --> 00:19:18,600 ..of the killer's brain cavity. 202 00:19:29,400 --> 00:19:31,920 This is the endocast of a T-rex. 203 00:19:35,400 --> 00:19:38,600 For an animal that has a head a metre and a half long, 204 00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:42,280 not a real big brain - a dinosaur's not doing calculus - 205 00:19:42,280 --> 00:19:45,080 but it was enough to do what the animal needed to do. 206 00:19:45,080 --> 00:19:46,720 - It was very successful. - Right. 207 00:19:46,720 --> 00:19:48,720 It just needs to process the information. 208 00:19:48,720 --> 00:19:51,280 - Exactly. - It's got a lot of sensory input. 209 00:19:53,120 --> 00:19:55,960 Though small compared to a human's, 210 00:19:55,960 --> 00:19:59,040 this brain is fine-tuned for hunting. 211 00:20:00,200 --> 00:20:03,480 We've got these really big olfactory bulbs in the front. 212 00:20:03,480 --> 00:20:06,600 - That's for smell. - That's for smell, yeah. 213 00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:09,760 T-rex probably had one of the most sensitive noses 214 00:20:09,760 --> 00:20:11,480 of any dinosaur. 215 00:20:11,480 --> 00:20:15,640 It's probably picking up on minuscule parts per million. 216 00:20:15,640 --> 00:20:18,000 And it wasn't just the killer's sense of smell 217 00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:20,280 that was supercharged. 218 00:20:20,280 --> 00:20:21,800 Here, in the middle, 219 00:20:21,800 --> 00:20:25,120 would be the part of the brain that controls vision. 220 00:20:25,120 --> 00:20:28,240 T-rex does...really big eyes, just like an owl, 221 00:20:28,240 --> 00:20:29,960 that take in a lot of light. 222 00:20:31,720 --> 00:20:35,640 These incredible senses likely made T-rex 223 00:20:35,640 --> 00:20:38,880 a lethal nocturnal hunter. 224 00:20:38,880 --> 00:20:41,280 THUNDER RUMBLES 225 00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:47,080 CREATURES CALL 226 00:20:58,200 --> 00:21:00,360 As darkness descends... 227 00:21:05,560 --> 00:21:08,320 ..it's time to begin the hunt. 228 00:21:14,680 --> 00:21:17,480 Locking on to a telltale scent... 229 00:21:17,480 --> 00:21:20,320 SNUFFLES 230 00:21:25,880 --> 00:21:29,160 ..it seems that supper is nearby. 231 00:21:32,200 --> 00:21:35,360 Whilst most creatures have sought safe places to sleep... 232 00:21:37,240 --> 00:21:38,720 ..Clover is awake. 233 00:21:40,560 --> 00:21:42,440 She must bulk up by a tonne 234 00:21:42,440 --> 00:21:44,640 each year to reach full size, 235 00:21:44,640 --> 00:21:46,880 so feeds often through the night. 236 00:21:50,840 --> 00:21:53,520 In the darkness, she sees little... 237 00:21:57,760 --> 00:22:00,360 ..but T-rex sees her 238 00:22:00,360 --> 00:22:02,040 perfectly. 239 00:22:37,600 --> 00:22:40,040 GRUNTS 240 00:22:46,600 --> 00:22:48,800 THUDDING 241 00:23:02,880 --> 00:23:04,720 SNUFFLES 242 00:23:04,720 --> 00:23:06,920 Saved by her size. 243 00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:23,080 GRUNTS SOFTLY 244 00:23:32,720 --> 00:23:36,200 Luck seems to be on Clover's side. 245 00:23:36,200 --> 00:23:38,600 DISTANT GRUNTS 246 00:23:42,040 --> 00:23:44,040 CLOVER GRUNTS 247 00:23:44,040 --> 00:23:46,880 She survived a close encounter with T-rex. 248 00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:52,360 And from the sound of things... 249 00:23:52,360 --> 00:23:54,960 HOOTING CALL 250 00:23:54,960 --> 00:23:57,680 ..a new ally may be close at hand. 251 00:23:57,680 --> 00:23:59,720 LOW GRUNT 252 00:24:17,320 --> 00:24:21,480 In the search for more giants, the team is putting to the test 253 00:24:21,480 --> 00:24:24,440 the very latest fossil-hunting techniques. 254 00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:29,600 A 66-million-year-old treasure hunt 255 00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:32,320 using 21st-century technology. 256 00:24:34,320 --> 00:24:37,120 If we fly out towards those badlands, 257 00:24:37,120 --> 00:24:39,280 that would be a great spot. 258 00:24:39,280 --> 00:24:40,760 BEEPING 259 00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:43,000 The gyros stabilise. 260 00:24:43,000 --> 00:24:46,200 Eric's teamed up with palaeontologists Thomas Kaye... 261 00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:48,640 Going for arm. 262 00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:48,640 BEEP 263 00:24:48,640 --> 00:24:50,280 ..and Dr Michael Pittman. 264 00:24:50,280 --> 00:24:51,640 Ready to launch. 265 00:24:59,280 --> 00:25:03,840 Their prototype laser drone scans the ground with UV light... 266 00:25:05,960 --> 00:25:11,080 ..searching for the telltale glow of minerals within ancient fossils... 267 00:25:14,400 --> 00:25:18,280 ..to create a treasure map of prehistoric remains. 268 00:25:20,320 --> 00:25:23,680 See, here, we've got some specks. 269 00:25:23,680 --> 00:25:26,000 Maybe the size of a tennis ball. 270 00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:28,440 Interesting but, you know, we want the big stuff. 271 00:25:29,560 --> 00:25:31,880 It's early days for the technology, 272 00:25:31,880 --> 00:25:33,600 and it has limitations. 273 00:25:36,320 --> 00:25:38,600 But one spot on the ground... 274 00:25:38,600 --> 00:25:40,120 Bang! Look at that. 275 00:25:40,120 --> 00:25:41,800 ..is glowing brightly. 276 00:25:41,800 --> 00:25:44,320 - So that must be a really big piece. - Yeah, that's big! 277 00:25:53,560 --> 00:25:55,960 As dawn breaks, 278 00:25:55,960 --> 00:25:58,600 Eric and Nikki head into the badlands 279 00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:00,840 to see this enormous fossil. 280 00:26:05,600 --> 00:26:07,840 Look how big it is! 281 00:26:10,120 --> 00:26:14,560 It's the lower leg bone of a truly colossal dinosaur. 282 00:26:15,560 --> 00:26:18,440 Seems to have been sitting out on the surface for quite some time. 283 00:26:20,080 --> 00:26:22,240 This is a big bone. 284 00:26:22,240 --> 00:26:25,760 This animal would have been, you know, maybe around 285 00:26:25,760 --> 00:26:27,800 six, seven metres long. 286 00:26:29,800 --> 00:26:32,360 But this is no triceratops. 287 00:26:32,360 --> 00:26:34,200 It's not a T-rex either. 288 00:26:36,280 --> 00:26:39,560 BELLOWING CALLS 289 00:26:41,840 --> 00:26:44,760 Echoing through towering trees... 290 00:26:46,720 --> 00:26:49,280 BELLOWING CALL 291 00:26:54,080 --> 00:26:58,520 ..the calls of perhaps the strangest dinosaurs who roam here.. 292 00:27:04,120 --> 00:27:06,120 BELLOWS CONTINUE 293 00:27:08,840 --> 00:27:10,840 ..Edmontosaurs... 294 00:27:16,840 --> 00:27:21,480 ..herd animals known as the cows of the Cretaceous. 295 00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:29,080 Weighing over six tonnes, 296 00:27:29,080 --> 00:27:32,440 these social creatures tolerate Clover. 297 00:27:36,120 --> 00:27:39,760 As a fellow plant-eater, she's no threat to them. 298 00:27:49,040 --> 00:27:53,080 The herd could give Clover the protection she needs. 299 00:28:00,840 --> 00:28:02,920 CHIRPS 300 00:28:02,920 --> 00:28:05,360 And it's not just safety they offer. 301 00:28:07,240 --> 00:28:09,240 A playmate. 302 00:28:12,440 --> 00:28:15,520 ALL GRUNT AND CALL 303 00:28:57,720 --> 00:29:00,120 In amongst these giants... 304 00:29:05,960 --> 00:29:09,440 ..Clover can begin to feel safe. 305 00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:18,960 But danger is never far away. 306 00:29:26,680 --> 00:29:29,160 HAMMER TAPS 307 00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:36,720 66 million years ago, T-rex ruled over these lands... 308 00:29:38,920 --> 00:29:42,600 ..the apex predator for over two million years. 309 00:29:42,600 --> 00:29:46,240 As it rolls over, just get your hands under it. 310 00:29:46,240 --> 00:29:49,480 The team wants to discover how this fearsome hunter 311 00:29:49,480 --> 00:29:51,400 took down its prey. 312 00:29:53,760 --> 00:29:56,440 Inside this protective plaster coat 313 00:29:56,440 --> 00:29:58,840 is the predator's leg bone. 314 00:29:58,840 --> 00:30:01,760 Eric thinks there might be more underneath. 315 00:30:01,760 --> 00:30:03,760 One, two, three. 316 00:30:05,920 --> 00:30:07,960 Protruding from the rock... 317 00:30:07,960 --> 00:30:09,840 That's a bone. 318 00:30:09,840 --> 00:30:12,560 ..one of the giant's vertebrae. 319 00:30:12,560 --> 00:30:14,760 Beautiful preservation. 320 00:30:14,760 --> 00:30:17,360 It was a big, big animal. 321 00:30:17,360 --> 00:30:22,400 It allows Eric to estimate more accurately T-rex's full size. 322 00:30:23,640 --> 00:30:25,840 On the order of 30 feet, maybe more. 323 00:30:25,840 --> 00:30:27,760 Ten metres, something like that. 324 00:30:32,080 --> 00:30:36,120 They wrap their discoveries in a protective plaster jacket. 325 00:30:40,600 --> 00:30:43,400 It's just a tiny fraction of T-rex's skeleton... 326 00:30:45,040 --> 00:30:46,800 ..but it's enormous. 327 00:30:48,640 --> 00:30:51,960 This jacket's probably about 150kg, 328 00:30:51,960 --> 00:30:53,640 200lb, 300lb. 329 00:30:56,240 --> 00:30:58,400 It's just so huge. 330 00:30:58,400 --> 00:31:03,640 Alive, adult T-rex weighed over eight tonnes, 331 00:31:03,640 --> 00:31:08,520 but this enormous weight may actually have been a hindrance. 332 00:31:08,520 --> 00:31:13,600 Certainly not the 40mph Jeep-chasing animal of Jurassic Park! 333 00:31:13,600 --> 00:31:17,120 Their physiology just wouldn't allow them to run that fast. 334 00:31:17,120 --> 00:31:18,760 Probably speed walker. 335 00:31:19,760 --> 00:31:24,280 T-rex probably couldn't run for fear of breaking its own legs... 336 00:31:25,760 --> 00:31:29,400 ..with a top speed of just 15mph or 20mph. 337 00:31:32,240 --> 00:31:36,680 Not exactly slow, but a fast human could outsprint one. 338 00:31:36,680 --> 00:31:38,480 I think you could. 339 00:31:38,480 --> 00:31:40,640 I think I'm going to take a sharp turn, 340 00:31:40,640 --> 00:31:42,960 and it's going to have a hard time following me. 341 00:31:42,960 --> 00:31:45,000 THEY LAUGH 342 00:31:42,960 --> 00:31:45,000 You think we only just got 343 00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:47,800 to be faster than him. 344 00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:47,800 LAUGHTER 345 00:31:49,240 --> 00:31:51,360 Maybe I'm a little overconfident! 346 00:32:00,920 --> 00:32:05,120 So adult T-rex weren't sprinting after their prey. 347 00:32:10,240 --> 00:32:13,880 This killer relied on another tactic... 348 00:32:17,280 --> 00:32:19,440 ..the element of surprise. 349 00:32:19,440 --> 00:32:21,400 LOW GROWL 350 00:32:21,400 --> 00:32:25,160 As Clover and the Edmontosaurs sleep soundly... 351 00:32:27,640 --> 00:32:31,800 ..T-rex approaches slowly from downwind. 352 00:32:52,400 --> 00:32:54,840 But it's not easy being stealthy... 353 00:32:54,840 --> 00:32:56,880 CRACK 354 00:32:59,080 --> 00:33:01,360 ..when you're the size of a bus. 355 00:33:08,040 --> 00:33:10,560 BLEATS LOUDLY 356 00:33:17,440 --> 00:33:20,040 ROARING 357 00:33:21,800 --> 00:33:24,920 The Edmontosaurs form a defensive line... 358 00:33:28,240 --> 00:33:30,200 ..rearing up on their hind legs 359 00:33:30,200 --> 00:33:32,600 to appear as big as possible. 360 00:33:35,240 --> 00:33:38,080 But holding your nerve isn't easy. 361 00:33:52,280 --> 00:33:55,600 And it only takes one of the herd to panic. 362 00:34:15,040 --> 00:34:17,080 SQUEALS 363 00:34:25,680 --> 00:34:27,640 CHOMPS 364 00:34:27,640 --> 00:34:29,640 A lucky escape for Clover... 365 00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:34,240 ..not for her new friend. 366 00:34:34,240 --> 00:34:36,280 CALLS SOFTLY 367 00:34:41,280 --> 00:34:44,040 With the adult Edmontosaurs on the move... 368 00:34:47,800 --> 00:34:51,720 ..Clover is alone once more. 369 00:35:08,680 --> 00:35:12,520 Survival was a game of chance in the Late Cretaceous, 370 00:35:12,520 --> 00:35:15,720 and the odds were stacked against young dinosaurs like Clover. 371 00:35:19,800 --> 00:35:23,080 The team has tracked down a remarkable fossil 372 00:35:23,080 --> 00:35:25,520 with a chilling tale to tell. 373 00:35:25,520 --> 00:35:28,320 That's the weirdest baby bundle ever. 374 00:35:29,680 --> 00:35:32,360 It may look like a nondescript lump of rock 375 00:35:32,360 --> 00:35:35,600 but its shape and texture tell the experts 376 00:35:35,600 --> 00:35:39,680 this is a coprolite - fossilised faeces. 377 00:35:41,880 --> 00:35:45,440 Eric works with fossil-restorer Aubrey Knowles... 378 00:35:46,720 --> 00:35:50,240 67.5 centimetres, or 26.5 inches. 379 00:35:50,240 --> 00:35:53,480 ..to examine this prehistoric poo. 380 00:35:53,480 --> 00:35:55,440 - This is a massive turd. - It's a really big turd. 381 00:35:55,440 --> 00:35:57,520 ERIC CHUCKLES 382 00:35:58,600 --> 00:36:02,440 Most coprolites can't be attributed to any specific species... 383 00:36:04,160 --> 00:36:06,480 ..but bone fragments within the dino dung 384 00:36:06,480 --> 00:36:09,760 reveal this was the waste product of a meat-eater. 385 00:36:12,160 --> 00:36:14,840 And then there's the matter of size. 386 00:36:16,440 --> 00:36:21,880 So we're at 15.7 centimetres across, or 6.2 inches. 387 00:36:23,320 --> 00:36:24,880 That's a wide cloaca. 388 00:36:24,880 --> 00:36:26,920 That is a very wide bumhole. 389 00:36:24,880 --> 00:36:26,920 SHE LAUGHS 390 00:36:28,560 --> 00:36:31,640 The only large-bodied carnivorous dinosaur 391 00:36:31,640 --> 00:36:34,440 that could have possibly dropped this 392 00:36:34,440 --> 00:36:36,720 would be a T-rex, 393 00:36:36,720 --> 00:36:38,600 so very, very cool. 394 00:36:39,720 --> 00:36:42,080 It's an astonishing fossil... 395 00:36:43,480 --> 00:36:47,520 ..the excrement of the most notorious predator in history. 396 00:36:47,520 --> 00:36:50,600 It's interesting how many bones there are 397 00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:53,480 preserved in the dropping. 398 00:36:53,480 --> 00:36:55,280 By examining coprolites, 399 00:36:55,280 --> 00:36:58,640 it's even possible to identify the killer's victims. 400 00:37:01,080 --> 00:37:03,840 T-rex faeces have been found to contain bones 401 00:37:03,840 --> 00:37:06,800 that are small and smooth. 402 00:37:06,800 --> 00:37:10,520 That speaks to a more juvenile or young prey. 403 00:37:11,640 --> 00:37:13,560 The bones of babies. 404 00:37:13,560 --> 00:37:16,880 Baby dinosaurs would be very vulnerable. 405 00:37:16,880 --> 00:37:18,720 Bite-sized. 406 00:37:18,720 --> 00:37:21,640 - Energy is precious. - Yeah. - Go after easy prey. 407 00:37:24,600 --> 00:37:27,320 Needing a quarter of a tonne of meat a week 408 00:37:27,320 --> 00:37:30,800 to sustain their enormous bulk, 409 00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:35,280 baby dinosaurs like Clover were a common meal for T-rex. 410 00:37:37,640 --> 00:37:39,960 Nothing is off the menu. 411 00:38:08,640 --> 00:38:12,320 Naive, defenceless 412 00:38:12,320 --> 00:38:14,720 and small enough to swallow whole... 413 00:38:15,840 --> 00:38:19,120 ..Clover would make an excellent snack. 414 00:38:23,880 --> 00:38:25,920 SHRIEKS 415 00:38:34,400 --> 00:38:36,480 GRUNTS 416 00:38:43,760 --> 00:38:45,400 With nowhere to hide... 417 00:38:47,320 --> 00:38:49,640 ..it's a good time 418 00:38:49,640 --> 00:38:53,080 to bump into an old acquaintance. 419 00:39:20,600 --> 00:39:23,960 Few creatures can challenge T-rex, 420 00:39:23,960 --> 00:39:27,520 but a full-grown triceratops might be the only animal 421 00:39:27,520 --> 00:39:29,480 that doesn't need to turn and run. 422 00:39:39,440 --> 00:39:43,920 Who wins in a fight - triceratops or T-rex? 423 00:39:47,320 --> 00:39:51,720 The two giants were locked in an evolutionary arms race, 424 00:39:51,720 --> 00:39:53,760 adapted to battle each other. 425 00:39:56,440 --> 00:39:59,680 But Eric thinks triceratops may have had 426 00:39:59,680 --> 00:40:02,040 a surprising trump card. 427 00:40:04,240 --> 00:40:08,400 This fossilised fragment was once part of the huge frill 428 00:40:08,400 --> 00:40:11,520 extending from the back of the skull, 429 00:40:11,520 --> 00:40:13,800 but it wasn't solid bone. 430 00:40:17,080 --> 00:40:19,640 All these vascular channels on the surface, 431 00:40:19,640 --> 00:40:23,000 all these pits and grooves that are in it, 432 00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:26,080 go all over the surface of the frill. 433 00:40:27,560 --> 00:40:31,200 This surface was covered in a lot of blood vessels. 434 00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:34,640 The blood flow suggests to Eric 435 00:40:34,640 --> 00:40:38,320 a triceratops frill was more than just a shield. 436 00:40:40,240 --> 00:40:44,760 The idea is they could change the colour pattern of their frill, 437 00:40:44,760 --> 00:40:46,800 flash these different colours. 438 00:40:48,440 --> 00:40:50,720 Pushing all this blood up into its frill, 439 00:40:50,720 --> 00:40:53,440 this would be a great way to send a message. 440 00:40:53,440 --> 00:40:55,800 It would have been really intimidating. 441 00:40:59,360 --> 00:41:02,120 BELLOWING ROAR 442 00:41:04,720 --> 00:41:06,880 The giants are evenly matched. 443 00:41:20,720 --> 00:41:23,040 Each weighs over eight tonnes. 444 00:41:27,440 --> 00:41:29,680 Each with fearsome weaponry. 445 00:41:33,120 --> 00:41:37,040 But triceratops plays his trump card. 446 00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:45,160 Flushing blood into his frill 447 00:41:45,160 --> 00:41:48,000 creates huge colourful eye spots. 448 00:41:50,960 --> 00:41:55,080 They make triceratops seem even bigger. 449 00:42:17,360 --> 00:42:21,280 But T-rex isn't apex predator for nothing. 450 00:42:55,640 --> 00:42:57,360 Stalemate. 451 00:43:04,760 --> 00:43:10,160 But for T-rex, there's still an easier meal close by. 452 00:43:42,200 --> 00:43:46,520 Most young dinosaurs never made it to adulthood, 453 00:43:46,520 --> 00:43:48,800 and Clover was no exception. 454 00:43:54,720 --> 00:43:57,760 But as the dig season draws to a close... 455 00:43:59,640 --> 00:44:03,000 ..her exact cause of death is still unknown. 456 00:44:04,640 --> 00:44:08,280 You know, we're not sure how baby Clover died. 457 00:44:08,280 --> 00:44:12,640 In digging her bones up, we haven't found any evidence of predation. 458 00:44:14,680 --> 00:44:17,440 There doesn't seem to be any injuries, 459 00:44:17,440 --> 00:44:20,080 no bite marks, things like that. 460 00:44:20,080 --> 00:44:23,440 Up to this point, it remains a mystery. 461 00:44:25,160 --> 00:44:27,080 - Got it? - All right. 462 00:44:34,560 --> 00:44:36,760 But we do know one thing. 463 00:44:38,760 --> 00:44:42,760 If Clover had died as a meal for T-rex... 464 00:44:44,720 --> 00:44:47,640 ..there probably wouldn't be any remains at all. 465 00:45:02,600 --> 00:45:06,600 For Clover, it seems as if time has run out. 466 00:45:09,440 --> 00:45:13,160 But she still has one advantage - 467 00:45:13,160 --> 00:45:14,920 her size. 468 00:45:20,960 --> 00:45:23,280 With T-rex distracted... 469 00:45:28,120 --> 00:45:31,320 ..a moment of surprise. 470 00:46:06,800 --> 00:46:10,520 Clover has survived her encounter 471 00:46:10,520 --> 00:46:13,200 with history's most infamous killer. 472 00:46:18,960 --> 00:46:21,720 For now, she's safe. 473 00:46:27,720 --> 00:46:30,240 CALLS SOFTLY 474 00:46:32,560 --> 00:46:35,600 GRUMBLING GRUNTS 475 00:46:54,080 --> 00:46:59,120 And while this old bull may not seek the company of a youngster... 476 00:47:03,200 --> 00:47:07,600 ..Clover's not giving up just yet. 477 00:47:38,960 --> 00:47:41,440 We take the plunge 478 00:47:41,440 --> 00:47:43,280 in the most dangerous river... 479 00:47:43,280 --> 00:47:45,320 GRUNTS CALLS 480 00:47:46,720 --> 00:47:48,680 ..in Earths' history... 481 00:47:52,760 --> 00:47:57,440 ..join the smallest member of the biggest herd... 482 00:47:59,120 --> 00:48:00,880 ..on an epic journey... 483 00:48:02,960 --> 00:48:07,400 ..get up close with the deadliest pack of predators... 484 00:48:12,400 --> 00:48:16,120 ..follow an island giant looking for love... 485 00:48:18,000 --> 00:48:21,680 ..and meet the band of brothers on the run 486 00:48:21,680 --> 00:48:25,800 from a ferocious and cunning adversary. 487 00:48:28,400 --> 00:48:30,440 SQUAWKS